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ĭetailed information including the experimental method for elemental analysis and AFM characterization of rGO materials and cell viability tests Supplementary figures showing the characterization and neurotransmission modulatory effects of GO XPS survey of rGO cell identifications, cellular viability and uptake efficiency after rGO treatment DFT calculation of the density of state XPS of rGO reacting with H 2O 2 different cellular reaction induced by c-rGO and p-rGO NOX2 activation in PC12 cells blockage of NOX2 activation and rGO oxidation in PC12 cells by siRNA blockage of neuronal NOX1 activation by siRNA and NOX inhibitors MMP detection in PC12 cells actin dynamic alterations in PC12 cells and cortical neurons detection of synaptic vesicle-related protein expression in neurons and AFM and Raman spectroscopy characterizing extracellular and intracellular rGO ( PDF)
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The Supporting Information is available free of charge at. Taken together, our results identify the complicated biological effects of rGO as a controlled neurotransmission modulator and can provide helpful information for the future design of graphene materials for neurobiological applications. Importantly, this depressant effect could be modulated by restricting the cellular ROS levels and stabilizing the actin dynamics. The study further shows that the blockage of synaptic vesicle docking and fusion induced through a disturbance of actin dynamics is the underlying mechanism through which oxidized rGO exerts depressant effects on neurotransmission. Cellular redox signaling, which involves NADPH oxidases and mitochondria, was initiated and subsequently intensified rGO oxidation. We found that rGO could be oxidized via cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), as evidenced by an increased number of oxygen-containing functional groups on the rGO surface. Our study suggests that reduced graphene oxide (rGO) serves as a neurotransmission modulator and reveals that the cellular oxidation of rGO plays a crucial role in this effect. Graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) offer promising advantages for biomedical applications, particularly in neurology. Neurotransmission is the basis of brain functions, and controllable neurotransmission tuning constitutes an attractive approach for interventions in a wide range of neurologic disorders and for synapse-based therapeutic treatments.
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